语气助动词

must, will, would, should, can, could, may, might
ought to, have to, used to, need, dare, had better, would rather, might as well

两种用法

We must be very careful. 我们一定要很小心。
表达义务、意愿、责任、能力、许可:语气助动词的「一般用法

John must be very careless. 约翰一定是很粗心。
用来做猜测:语气助动词的「猜测用法

一般用法

must 义务,非如此不可
现在时间和过去时间的写法是一样的
We must all keep together. 我们一定不能走散。(现在时间)
He said we must all keep together. 他说我们一定不能走散。(过去时间)

will/would 愿意,决心,承诺
有时态的差别
I will have my own way. 我决定照自己的意思做。(现在时间的未来)
He said he would have his own way. 他说他决定照自己的意思做。(过去时间的未来)
would这种拼法却也可以用在「现在时间」「客气
Would you like a cup of coffee? 要来杯咖啡吗?
很「客气」地询问对方的意愿

shall/should
shall少用,只有shall I, shall we 第一人称「询问对方意愿」的讲法
Shall we go now? 我们是不是该动身了?
shall也可以用相当正式的语气表达说话者强烈的决心
The enemy shall not pass! 绝对不容敌人通过!(我绝不会让敌人通过)
除了上述两种情况,一般都只会用到should不论现在时间还是过去时间
should 责任,义务,不这样做不对
We should always be on time. 我们应该一直保持准时的习惯。(现在时间)
He said we should leave early, and we did. 他说我们应该早点动身,我们也照办了。(过去时间)

can/could 有能力,有权利
有时态的差别
I can drink a dozen beers in an hour. 我一小时可以喝得下一打啤酒。(现在时间)
Last night there was something wrong with my stomach, and I couldn’t even finish one beer.昨天晚上我肚子有毛病,连一瓶啤酒都喝不完。(过去时间)
could也可以用在现在时间 特别「客气」的语气
Could you please help me with my homework? 能不能拜托你教我做功课?

may/might 准许,许可
有时态的差别
You may go now. 你们现在可以走了。(现在时间)
He said we might go. 他说我们可以走了。(过去时间)
might仍然可以用在现在时间 特别的「客气
Might I ask a big favor of you? 不知道可不可以请您帮个大忙?

一般用法的过去拼法配合完成式

would, should, could, might
have Ven
通常表示:

  • 相对过去的时间
  • 非事实语气

I would have left the country if I had known what was going to happen. 如果早知道会出什么事,我早就避出国了。
以过去拼法的would配合完成式have left,表示这是「从前」的事,而且「事实上并没有离开」。

You should have attended the meeting last week; why didn’t you? 你上个礼拜应该参加会议才对,为什么没去?
过去拼法的should配合完成式have attended,除了表示这是「从前」的事,还表示「事实上并没有参加」。

With a little help, I could have finished a lot sooner. 如果获得一点点帮助,我本来可以早得多就做完的。
过去拼法的could配合完成式have finished,表示这是「从前」的事,而且「事实上并没有能够早做完」。

Under a more reasonable boss, I might have done a much better job. 换一个比较讲理的老板的话,我本来可以表现得好得多的。
过去拼法的might配合完成式have done,表示这是「从前」的事,而且「事实上表现并不好」。

猜测用法

用于猜测时,will/would, can/could, may/might这三对已经完全没有表达「时态」的功能、只用来表现「语气」的轻重
will, can, may用于相对比较「有把握」的猜测
would, could, might则是比较「没把握」的猜测
只要配合 完成式动词(have Ven)使用,意思就是「猜测过去

must
Listen! It must be raining hard outside. 你听,外头一定在下大雨。(猜现在)
It must have rained last night—the ground is still wet.昨天晚上一定下过雨了——地上还是湿的。(猜过去)

will
That will be George at the door, I expect. 我看在门口的一定是乔治。(猜现在)
You will all have heard the news last night.你们昨天晚上一定都听到消息了。(猜过去)

would
This seat would be mine, right?(猜现在)这个位子应该是我的吧,是吗?
That would have been the mailman just now; I found some new mail in the box. 刚刚应该是邮差,我看到信箱里有新邮件。(猜过去)

should
We should be on the right track.我们走的路应该没错。(猜现在)
He should have left; his car is gone.他应该已经出门了;他的车子不在。(猜过去)

can
Where can he be at this hour? 这种时间他会在哪里呢?(猜现在)
Where can he have gone? 他会跑到哪里去了呢?(猜过去)

could
Of course, I could be wrong. 当然,也有可能是我搞错了。(猜现在)
The police is here; something could have gone wrong.警察来了;可能出了岔子。(猜过去)

may
Don’t go near that snake; it may be dangerous.别靠近那条蛇,可能有危险。(猜现在)
It may have been dangerous, but now it’s gone. 刚才可能有危险,但是现在已经跑掉了。(猜过去)

might
Bring a compass; you might get lost in the woods.带个指北针去吧,你在森林里说不定会迷路。(猜未来)
Check the answering machine; he might have left a message for you.听听录音机吧,他说不定给你留了话。(猜过去)

must > will > would > should > can > could > may > might

其它

ought to 应该
I think you ought to apologize to him. 我想你应该向他道歉。(一般用法)
He ought to be home now. 他现在应该会在家。(猜现在)
Ought we to go?(一般用法)我们应该去吗?
You oughtn’t to have done that. 那件事你实在不该做的。(一般用法,过去非事实语气)

have to 不得不
You have to tell your father.(一般用法)你必须告诉你父亲。
That has to be the pizza man at the door. 门口来的一定是送披萨的。(猜现在)
Do you have to leave now? 你现在非走不可吗?(一般用法)
I don’t have to leave now. 我现在不是非走不可。(一般用法)

used to 从前有…的习惯
He used to smoke a pipe. 他从前有抽烟斗的习惯。
Used he to smoke a pipe?
Did he use(or used) to smoke a pipe?
He used not to smoke a pipe.
He didn’t use(or used) to smoke a pipe.

need 需要
I don’t think you need go. 我不认为你需要去。
Need I remind you of the consequences? 需要我提醒你后果有多严重吗?
You needn’t do that. 你不必那样做。

Need除了当助动词,也可以当做动词使用。例如:
I don’t think you need to go.
Do I need to remind you of the consequences?
You don’t need to do that.

dare 敢不敢
I’m not sure I dare touch that snake. 我不知道敢不敢摸那条蛇。
Dare you sleep in that haunted house alone? 你敢一个人睡那间鬼屋吗?
I dare not tell my wife the truth. 我不敢告诉我太太真相。

另外,dare也可以当动词使用,例如:
I’m not sure I dare to touch that snake.
Do you dare to sleep in that haunted house alone?
I don’t dare to tell my wife the truth.

had better 最好
I think we had better leave now. 我想我们最好现在走吧。
Hadn’t we better be leaving now? 我们现在动身不是比较好吗?
You had better not lie to me. 你最好别骗我。

would rather 宁愿
I would rather go abroad than study at a local graduate school.我宁愿出国,不想念本地的研究所。
如果would rather后面有than,因为这个than是比较级的连接词、要求前后对称,所以前面有原形动词(如 go),后面就可以用原形动词和它对称(如 study)。
Would you rather stay here? 你是不是宁愿留下来?
I would rather not talk about it. 这件事情我不想谈。

might as well 不如
We might as well walk, with so much traffic on the road.路上车子那么多,我们还不如走路算了。
这个助动词没有疑问句的形态,它的否定可以这样表示:
We might as well not drive at all. 我们不如干脆不要开车。