副词

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副词

修饰 v adj adv, 少量修饰 n
尽量接近修饰的对象 防止模棱两可语意不清

种类

方法状态副词

修饰v
如果宾语/补语太长，放在v前

$S + adv_1 + V + O/OO/C/OC + adv_2$

The dog furiously barked (furiously) at the mailman.
He reluctantly stayed single.
He openly harassed the girl (openly).
His father generously bought him a car (generously).
I proudly consider you a member of the family (proudly).

频率副词

修饰v
普通动词的前面

$adv + v$
$be/do/have/ + adv.$
$Adv …$
$… adv.$

I usually get up very early.
His jokes are often not funny at all.
I have never seen this man before.
Occasionally I spend a whole day in the multiplex.

否定意味的频率副词移到句首、用来加强语气，就必须采取倒装句法

Seldom does he leave the office before seven.

强调副词

修饰 n v adj adv

强调范围

only, merely, also, especially, particularly, even ...

清楚界定出所谈事物的范围
大部分都是放在所修饰对象的前面
有少数则是放在后面，但都不能和它修饰的对象有任何距离
只要位置一变动，意思也就跟着发生变化

John saw the boss yesterday.
n: Only John saw the boss yesterday. 只有约翰昨天见到了老板。
v: John only saw the boss yesterday. 约翰昨天只见到了老板
n: John saw only the boss yesterday. 约翰昨天见到的只有老板一人
adj: John saw the only young boss yesterday. 约翰昨天见到的唯一年轻的老板
adv: John saw the boss only yesterday 约翰到昨天才见到了老板

加强语气

前面

n: You are absolutely a genius!
adj: The test is extremely difficult.
v: Your hair badly needs cutting.
adv: Time passed amazingly fast.

程度副词

「有几成」的表示
如果拿掉程度副词，句子的意思则可能会发生改变

adj: The plan almost failed. 计划差一点就要失败
n: Your son is quite a man now. 你儿子现在差不多是个大男人了
v: I barely know John. 约翰这个人我算不上认识
adv: He plays the piano rather well. 他钢琴弹得还算好
adj: That is a fairly long story. 那是个蛮长的故事。

修饰句子的副词

句首 主语、动词中间 句尾
加逗号分隔

$S, adv, V …$
$Adv, …$
$… , adv.$

连接副词

近似连接词的功能，但没有连接词的用法

besides, furthermore, however, nevertheless, therefore, consequently ...

Sales have increased 20%; besides`,production cost has come down. 销售上涨20%，而且生产成本又降低了 近似对等连接词and`

Consequently`,we should have no problem reaching our goals this year.因此，我们达成今年的目标应该没有问题。 类似连接词so`

However, projections for the next fiscal year are not very optimistic.
不过，下一个会计年度的预期却不甚乐观。
类似连接词but

分离副词

整个副词从句减化到只剩下一个副词

Theoretically, your proposal might work.
Theoretically speaking, your proposal might work.
If we are speaking theoretically, your proposal might work.

介副词

$\neq + O$

Were you in last night?
介副词in当主词补语使用，修饰主词you

Time is up.
介副词up当主词补语使用，修饰主词time

可以修饰名词的副词

时间副词 地方副词

The final game tomorrow is going to be exciting.
明天的决赛将很刺激
句中的tomorrow是时间副词，修饰前面的名词词组the final game

All the people here are your friends.
这里所有人都是你的朋友。
句中的here是地方副词，修饰前面的名词词组all the people

如果时间副词和地方副词同时修饰的话
句首：时间副词后，地方副词前
句尾：时间副词前，地方副词后

He had an accident there yesterday. 他昨天在那里出了意外。
Yesterday, around this very corner, a bomb exploded. 昨天，就在这个街角，有枚炸弹爆炸。

比较级

  • 单音节 er est
    fast, faster, fastest
  • 三个音节以上 more most
    beautifully, more beautifully, most beautifully
  • 两个音节 需要看字尾
  • ly 结尾 more, most
    sweetly, more sweetly, most sweetly
  • 不以 ly 结尾 er est/more most
    often, oftener, oftenest/more often, most often

最高级与定冠词the

一般说来，the是限定词，应该属于名词词组中的一部分
不过，副词的最高级也可以选择加上the，虽然它并不在名词词组中

Of all my students, John runs (the) fastest. 我所有的学生当中，约翰跑步最快。
副词的最高级fastest修饰动词runs。虽然它后面并没有名词，但是仍然可以选择加上定冠词成为the fastest。当然，这种情况不加the也是对的。

副词种类与位置的比较

不同种类的副词，在句中使用的位置也不一样

Your demand is practically impossible to meet. (程度)
你的要求几乎不可能做到。
Let’s discuss this problem practically. (方法状态)
我们用很实际的方式来讨论一下这个问题。
Practically, you don’t stand a chance in court. (分离)
实际一点来说，你上法庭根本没有机会赢
His ideas are generally very helpful. (频率)
他的点子通常都很管用。
He described the plan generally, without much detail. (方法状态)
他很笼统地描述这项计划，没有说很多细节。
Generally, I like his ideas. (分离)
一般说来，我很喜欢他的点子。

形容词与副词的判断

视句型的要求而定

clean/cleanly

The man wiped the windshield clean.
这个人把挡风玻璃擦干净。
clean是受词（宾语）补语，修饰受词（宾语）windshield

He types cleanly and neatly.
他打字又干净又整齐。
方法状态的副词cleanly修饰动词type

He clean forgot to pick up his wife at the station.
他把要去车站接老婆这件事忘得一乾二净。
clean不是形容词而是加强语气的副词，相当于completely，放在动词forget前面修饰它